Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown Measures on Spanish People with Chronic Pain: An Online Study Survey
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Procedure
2.2. Participants
2.3. Measures
2.3.1. Sociodemographic Variables and Contextual Variables
2.3.2. Description of Participants’ Pain Characteristics
2.3.3. Changes in Pain and Pain-Related Outcomes Associated with Lockdown
2.3.4. Changes in Functional Domains
2.3.5. Pain-Related Coping Strategies and Triggers
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sociodemographic, Contextual Variables and Job Perceptions
3.2. Participant’s Pain Characteristics
3.3. Changes in Pain and Pain-Related Outcomes Associated with Lockdown
3.4. Changes in Functional Domains
3.5. Changes in Pain-Coping Strategies
3.6. Changes in Perceived Pain Triggers
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | % |
---|---|
Age ranges | |
18–29 | 7% |
30–39 | 21.90% |
40–49 | 31.30% |
50–59 | 27.50% |
60–69 | 10.40% |
70–79 | 1.60% |
80–89 | 0.40% |
Marital status | |
Married/Living with a partner | 66.90% |
Separated/Divorced | 10.20% |
Single | 20.50% |
Widowed | 2.40% |
Education level | |
No studies | 0.20% |
Primary school | 12% |
Secondary school | 40.40% |
University | 26.90% |
Postgraduate studies | 20.50% |
Employment status | |
Temporary employment | 8.90% |
Permanent employment | 44.30% |
Self-employed | 7.80% |
Unemployed but searching for a job | 7.80% |
Unemployed and not searching for a job | 8% |
Student | 2.70% |
Retired | 7.60% |
Others | 12.90% |
Type of pain * | |
Primary pain | 53.20% |
Musculoskeletal pain | 52.20% |
Headache and orofacial pain | 26.70% |
Other | 26.30% |
Neuropathic pain | 19.50% |
Visceral pain | 12.50% |
Postsurgical/posttraumatic pain | 10.40% |
Cancer pain | 1.60% |
Most bothersome pain location | |
Low back | 18.10% |
Abdomen | 18.10% |
Neck | 17.30% |
Buttocks | 13.10% |
Legs | 10.40% |
Head | 7.80% |
Upper back | 4.80% |
Shoulder | 3% |
Hands | 2.40% |
Arms | 2.40% |
Feet | 2% |
Chest | 0.60% |
Pain frequency | |
Always | 39.60% |
Daily | 36.10% |
Several times per week | 17.50% |
Once per week ** | 1% |
Several times per month | 5% |
Once per month | 0.60% |
Less than once per month | 0.20% |
Descriptives | Correlations with Pain Characteristics | Correlations with Sociodemographic and Contextual Variables | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
VARIABLE | Mean (SD) | Proportion (%) of Improvement, no Change and Worsening | CPGQ-P | CPGQ-D | Age | Pain Duration | Job Insecurity | Labor Worries | Material Worries | Social Worries | Number People Cohabitating |
Usual pain intensity | 3.4 (3.89) | 9.3–19.9–70.8 | 0.43 * | 0.40 * | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.16 *** | 0.26 * | 0.22 * | 0.20 ** | 0.04 |
Frequency of pain episodes | 3.55 (4) | 8.7–19.7–71.6 | 0.42 * | 0.41 * | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.13 *** | 0.23 * | 0.18 *** | 0.21 ** | 0.007 |
Pain interference in everyday activities | 3.47 (4.1) | 8.5–22–69.5 | 0.48 * | 0.50 * | 0.07 | 0.002 | 0.18 *** | 0.35 * | 0.26 * | 0.29 * | 0.01 |
Pain interference on work capacity | 3.76 (4.14) | 7.1–20.1–72.8 | 0.48 * | 0.53 * | 0.07 | −0.02 | 0.19 *** | 0.34 * | 0.26 * | 0.28 * | 0.04 |
Pain interference on leisure, social and familiar activities | 3.41 (4.22) | 8.1–22.8–69.1 | 0.48 * | 0.54 * | 0.04 | −0.01 | 0.19 ** | 0.38 * | 0.28 * | 0.32 * | 0.07 |
Distress caused by pain | 5 (4.45) | 6.7–13.2–80.1 | 0.43 * | 0.45 * | −0.02 | −0.04 | 0.15 *** | 0.34 * | 0.28 * | 0.28 * | 0.11 *** |
Support received from others | 2.56 (5.14) | 55.7–29.5–14.8 | 0.15 ** | 0.16 * | 0.05 | −0.11 *** | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.13 *** |
Effects on sleep | 4.69 (4.37) | 6.5–14.4–79.1 | 0.38 * | 0.36 * | −0.06 | 0.03 | 0.19 *** | 0.30 * | 0.25 * | 0.23 * | 0.09 *** |
Effects on physical activity | 5.11 (4.26) | 5.5–14.6–79.9 | 0.41 * | 0.47 * | −0.02 | −0.001 | 0.10 | 0.33 * | 0.26 * | 0.23 * | 0.04 |
Descriptives | Correlations with Pain Characteristics | Correlations with Sociodemographic and Contextual Variables | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
VARIABLE | Mean (SD) | CPGQ-P | CPGQ-D | Age | Pain Duration | Job Insecurity | Labor Worries | Material Worries | Social Worries | Number People Cohabitating |
Global well-being | 4.99 (1.29) | 0.43 * | 0.4 * | 0.05 | 0.004 | 0.18 ** | 0.29 * | 0.22 ** | 0.22 * | 0.06 |
Activity/physical capacity | 5.16 (1.27) | 0.27 * | 0.30 * | 0.09 *** | 0.04 | 0.15 *** | 0.26 * | 0.19 ** | 0.24 * | −0.02 |
Social activities | 5.18 (1.24) | 0.14 ** | 0.19 * | 0.11 *** | 0.02 | 0.15 *** | 0.18 ** | 0.08 | 0.21 ** | 0.02 |
Laboral activities | 5 (1.25) | 0.31 * | 0.38 * | 0.09 *** | −0.01 | 0.17 ** | 0.22 * | 0.20 ** | 0.18 ** | 0.09 |
Emotional state | 5.29 (1.32) | 0.41 * | 0.38 * | −0.007 | −0.02 | 0.26 * | 0.31 * | 0.27 * | 0.29 * | 0.11 *** |
Pain | 5.14 (1.29) | 0.47 * | 0.42 * | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.15 *** | 0.25 * | 0.23 * | 0.25 * | 0.04 |
Coping Strategy | Incorporated (%) | Dismissed (%) | Neither Incorporated nor Dismissed (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Resting | 54.5 | 7.5 | 38.0 |
Stretching | 48.2 | 9.0 | 42.7 |
Increase in medication intake | 46.7 | 3.1 | 50.2 |
Exercising | 32.1 | 28.6 | 39.3 |
Using internet resources | 33.6 | 6.3 | 60.2 |
Social support | 26.8 | 12.8 | 60.3 |
Alcohol consumption | 7.8 | 11.4 | 80.8 |
Before | During | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Trigger | Yes (%) | No (%) | Not Sure (%) | Yes (%) | No (%) | Not Sure (%) | McNemar’s Test p Value |
Stress | 83.5 | 8.2 | 8.2 | 76.3 | 13.5 | 10.1 | <0.0001 |
Weather changes | 67.7 | 21.1 | 11.2 | 68.5 | 20.7 | 10.8 | 0.62 |
Sleep problems | 66.0 | 26.6 | 7.4 | 79.1 | 15.9 | 5.1 | <0.0001 |
Working issues | 60.3 | 30.0 | 9.7 | 57.5 | 33.8 | 8.7 | 0.18 |
Worries about the future | 59.8 | 27.3 | 12.9 | 71.2 | 17.1 | 11.6 | <0.0001 |
Familiar or social conflicts | 58.8 | 30 | 11.2 | 60.7 | 30.0 | 9.3 | 0.36 |
Sedentarism | 57.9 | 31.3 | 10.8 | 75.5 | 16.7 | 7.8 | <0.0001 |
Sadness | 55.0 | 33.0 | 12.1 | 68.1 | 21.1 | 10.8 | <0.0001 |
Negative thoughts | 49.5 | 35.7 | 14.8 | 61.5 | 26.0 | 12.5 | <0.0001 |
Feelings of insecurity | 48.2 | 37.4 | 14.4 | 62.6 | 25.2 | 12.3 | <0.0001 |
Diet | 40.2 | 36.4 | 23.5 | 43.6 | 33.8 | 22.6 | 0.06 |
Loneliness | 37.2 | 50.1 | 12.7 | 45.2 | 42.3 | 12.5 | <0.0001 |
Fear of suffering from COVID-19 | 20.3 | 67.9 | 11.8 | 39.1 | 48.2 | 12.7 | <0.0001 |
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Nieto, R.; Pardo, R.; Sora, B.; Feliu-Soler, A.; Luciano, J.V. Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown Measures on Spanish People with Chronic Pain: An Online Study Survey. J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9, 3558. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9113558
Nieto R, Pardo R, Sora B, Feliu-Soler A, Luciano JV. Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown Measures on Spanish People with Chronic Pain: An Online Study Survey. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020; 9(11):3558. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9113558
Chicago/Turabian StyleNieto, Rubén, Rebeca Pardo, Beatriz Sora, Albert Feliu-Soler, and Juan V. Luciano. 2020. "Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown Measures on Spanish People with Chronic Pain: An Online Study Survey" Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 11: 3558. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9113558
APA StyleNieto, R., Pardo, R., Sora, B., Feliu-Soler, A., & Luciano, J. V. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown Measures on Spanish People with Chronic Pain: An Online Study Survey. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(11), 3558. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9113558